Modular design inherently combines the mass production advantages of standardization with those of customization. The degree of modularity, dimensionally, determines the degree of customization possible.
As long as the developed modules conform to the defined interfaces, the design of different modules can be loosely coupled, and much of the product development work is coordinated by these module interfaces (Sanchez and Mahoney, 1996).
Journal of Mechanical Design, 2022. Product developers are faced with the challenge of covering an ever-increasing external variety with as little internal variety as possible. Modular product architectures offer one way of resolving the challenge.

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Consequently, product design is faced with the challenge to contribute to the transition towards sustainable development.Khan FI Sadiq R Veitch B . Life cycle iNdeX (LInX): a new indexing procedure for process and product design and decision-making.
Product developers are faced with the challenge of covering an ever-increasing external variety with as little internal variety as possible. Modular product architectures offer one way of resolving the challenge. They have an impact on all life phases and on economic targets.

Industrial design applications in a highly technical process of modular design provide a design-driven innovation to complement the engineering driven innovation in the product development process. To evaluate its practicability...
This has led to new challenges in product development and production planning. One key factor in order to gain important time and cost potentials in the different project phases is a standardised production.

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Challenges in New Product Development.Normally when a modular system is developed in new product development, the preliminary division into modules on an existing structure is accepted as a starting point, and design proceeds from there iteratively.
While modular product design has received great attention from production and process optimization literature, involving research on the simplification of complex products, processes, and organization systems (Bask, Lipponen, Rajahonka, and Tinnil, 2011; Jose & Tollenaere...